The Concept of a Wrong Language

The Concept of a Wrong Language Language and Society QXL-1113 Task 1 The figure tells me that there are a higher percentage of lower working class men using negative concord (75%) compared to women to that of lower working class women at 50%. In general, women of all classes use negative concord less compared to men of all classes. It appears that the isnt a percentage change of such variant between upper middle and lower middle class women. There are two independent variables; gender and class,   the dependant variable is the percentage negative concord. Task 2 As a native speaker, English is my first language and I have always lived in the North West of England with both parents coming from the same region. Therefore, the majority of my influences have come from these surroundings and family. Growing up near Chester I wouldnt say I have a heavy northern accent and is quite muted compared that of other northern regions. However, a city that has a had a great effect on my accent and dialect is Liverpool. With Liverpool, only being a 15 minute drive I come into contact with the scouse accent quite frequently with friends and family living and working there. In terms of linguistic features, lenition is one of the clearest phonological characteristics of modern northern/Liverpool English. This lenition process happens whereby underlying plosives are released as fricatives and affricatives and stop constants are weaker and softer. For example, it is common to hear lock sound like loch and particularly affects /t/. According to the literature of Honeybone (2001) this lenition is unique to Liverpool English and its neighbouring areas with no other English variety exhibiting such extensive process. Further suggested by Kortmann and Upton the /t/, /p/ and /k/ can be affricated in all positions and in final position may be realised as full fricatives (Kortmann and Schnieder,2004). These heavily aspirated phonemes result in words such work to sound [wɆºÃƒâ€¹Ã‚ kà Ã¢â‚¬ ¡]. This uniqueness could account for the lack of glottal forms which are found in almost every other urban area in the North of England (Hughes and Trudgill 1996:93) . Regarding vowels and diphthongs, another salient marker of the North/South divide is that Liverpool English/northern accent has a short /a/ bath and /ÊÅ  / in foot and strut. Corresponding with Kortmann et al these two features are highly recognisable to the northern accent and although throughout history the southern inventory to lengthen the short vowel /a/ in bath was stigmatised it has now reversed with the northern short /a/ described as a flat vowel. Whilst researching such topic it is obvious that this is the most often mentioned subject in terms of the northern dialect, and a stereotype for the north in general. Diphthongal pronunciations are typical of Merseyside. In words, such as face, the diphthongs are pronounced more like RP as well as the occasion /eÉ ª/ (Kortmann and Schnieder, 2004). There is a clear established contrast between the vowels in square and nurse across most English varieties however in Liverpool and within its surrounding areas these two sets are merged and can be pronounced either as [ɆºÃƒâ€¹Ã‚ ] or [ɜˠ]. Patrick Honeybone gives great insight into the pronunciation of square in saying that this is traditional of South Lancashire dialects and that the variants in the Liverpool-Lancashire mix are the most obvious explanation for the present-day lack of contrast in Liverpool English (New dialect formation in nineteenth Liverpool: a brief history of scouse, n.d.). In terms of my experience with the language findings promoted above, I do to a certain extent use two of these in my language. Regarding the lenition and aspiration of /t/ /p/ and /k/ although I do use such feature it is not as heavily noticeable in my accent partly due to it not being apparent in my parents accent so is naturally weakened but I do have slight undertones of the features which I believe is solely due to social and situational factors. With many friends from Liverpool I have engaged in many social occasions where this lenition is clearly noticeable and naturally Ive adapted to fit in to such surroundings.   When conversing with parents I can switch this off to speak more elegantly so one can debate whether this is imbedded into my accent or is mainly a social attribute. A definite feature I use is the use of short vowel in both bath and foot. This is a typical northern trait and one that applies for my area. The role of socialisation does however play a minor pa rt in this.   Particularly in my region if one was to pronounce bath the typical southern way of lengthening /a/ it could appear as snobby and so refrain from doing so to follow the social norm. Although I am not in disagreement with Honeybone that merging of square and nurse exists within Liverpool it is unjustified to say that this appears in its surrounding areas. This must must be restricted to Liverpool and distinct of the city as I have not heard this outside of this area and I do not have such linguistic feature. As I do not originate from Liverpool this is expected; from birth my influences came solely from my surroundings of Chester which is a lot subtler compared to that of scouse and it is was only as I grew up that I came into more frequent contact with Liverpool and changed the way I spoke. Not having a particular accent from birth, it is likely that I will not have every feature as this could be innate. There is definitely a desire within in my area to sound more scouse and this is becoming a lot more noticeable. Task 3 The idea of wrong language is an unclear and somewhat unambiguous concept. What defines a wrong language? This concept that is made up of different kinds of distinctions of what is a wrong language such as stylish-shabby, clean-dirty, ugly and beautiful. According to Mary Douglas these distinctions are based on the culture we live in; naturally, language adapts itself to the situation of use and reflects the social variation of the speaker, so therefore linguistic variation is ultimately inevitable. There is no right or wrong language, it is only wrong in the eyes of those evaluate the language (Andersson and Trudgill, 1990). To discuss this, one must consider the idea of descriptivism vs prescriptivism. Prescriptive grammarians would argue that language is a set of rules that should be taught and enforced to use language in the correct way. They follow the classic grammars of Greek and Latin and aim to preserve these early forms. By contrast, descriptive grammar highlights the language in current use, not saying how it should be used. There are arguments for either side, if we consider the prescriptive view we could argue that the language produced by its native speakers based on their inherent, subconscious rules is the correct way to produce language (Vakkilainen, 2015). Whereas descriptivists accept that there are no such rules and there is no wrong language; it is just a reflection of general trends of language use. For example, yous has become popular with English-speaking countries. There is a tendency for people to dislike such innovations, regarding them as incorrect (Andersson and Trudgill, 1990 ) however these communities have found it useful to create a distinct word for the plural you thus is justifiable. The ultimate question into this debate is who decides what is right or wrong? This has much to do with social standing, much of the condemned language comes from social groups other than the educated middle classesprofessional people (Finegan, 1980). Take the pronunciation of r for example, Janet Holmes expresses that even though there is nothing good or bad about r-pronouncing, in more middle-class communities it is regarded as humorous and evident of lack of education and in others is deemed good speech (Holmes, 2004). Although a standard language is useful in terms of print and literature, it is not right to say that the language of middle-class speakers is not better than the language of other social groups. Language references such as dictionaries are an example of language and should simply be referenced, not all social situations require a formal way of speaking and vice versa. Language is an expression of character and defines a person. You can gain great insight into an indi vidual from their use of language and should not be frowned upon because they arent using RP but instead this uniqueness should be celebrated. Ultimately, there isnt such a thing as a wrong language just a different way of using it.

“Death of a Salesman” Detailed Analysis Essay

ARTHUR MILLER Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American playwright and essayist. He was a prominent figure in American theatre, writing dramas that include plays such as All My Sons (1947), Death of a Salesman (1949), The Crucible (1953) and A View from the Bridge Miller was often in the public eye, particularly during the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s, a period during which he testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the Prince of Asturias Award, and was married to Marilyn Monroe. SUMMARY It is important to bear that the story is told through the mind and memory of Willy Loman and there is a constant back and forth between two periods ,1928 and 1942.The first period is one of the happiness and contentment when Willy Loman is young and dynamic and the children ,Biff and Happy are running about in shorts ;the second is one of gloom and discontent -Willy is now old and ,virtually out of a job and the children are grown up and gone their different ways. The play is thus structured in such a way to show the pleasures of the past ,the dreams and hopes the characters had and how these aspirations had turned sour. Willy Loman had built his life in such a way that he had finally trapped himself in an impossible situation. Willy Loman ,the protagonist in the play was a travelling salesman in the services of the wagnor company for 34 years. When his old boss died ,his son Howard took over the administration of the company .Willy’s family consists of three other members ,his wife Linda, Biff,the elder son and Happy, the younger son. Willy unexpectedly returned on the same day he had left for New England territory on a business tour. Linda felt that her husband is thoroughly  exhausted both physically and mentally and he has almost reached the breaking point. Willy, who is 63, has driven the car off the road twice or three times and when he reached home he was found to be panic stricken ,desolate and shattered. Willy liked his eldest son Biff,who was wellknown as a football champion. Though he is 34 , it is unfortunate that he could not settle in life. Inspite of the fact that three colleges offered him scholarship in recognition of his proficiency in football, he did not join any college . Happy, the women chaser also could not settle in life. For the next two days, immediately after his unexpected return, Willy’s mind was rather disturbed with thoughts of today’s realities inter mingled with yesterday’s half forgotten episodes. He felt that it was mistake on his part not to have followed his elder brother Ben ,who dared his way into the diamond minds of Africa and amassed fabulous wealth . Willy’s guilty consciousness pricked him at the flash back scene of Boston hotel room, when his son Biff makes a surprise visit and finds his father having an affair with a strange lady .After this episode, Biff seemed to hold a grudge against his father and could never again bring himself to trust Willy. As suggested by Linda, Willy visits Howard, the young Boss and request for a change of job in the New York City office as he is physically and mentally incapacitated as a travelling sales man. When the request was unceremoniously turned down by Howard and Willy dismissed from service he protest â€Å"You ca nnot eat orange and throw the peel away; man is not a piece of fruit†. Willy is very much frustrated and disillusioned at the behavior of capitalists who lacked the human milk of kindness, sympathy and gratitude. Biff’s attempt to raise a loan from Bill Oliver, the proprietor of sports goods company also failed. Oliver, who once liked Biff immensely, now refused to recognise him now because Biff has stolen a fountain pen, Charley ,Willy’s neighbour extended a helping hand in those days of adversity. He ,not only advanced a loan to him but also offered him a job to him. But Willy refused to accept it with a false sense of dignity. The two sons invited the father for a dinner party at a prominent restaurant in the city. But Happy picked up two call girls and left the place along with Biff,  leaving Willy alone. Willy felt humiliated and this experience was shocking and unbearable when Biff and Happy returned home, Linda ordered them out of the house by the next morning. She was planning to commit suicide on a particular night .Willy was left alone while all others went upstairs. He has insured his life for 20,000 dollars. Once he dies, the family will be entitled to receive the amount from the insurance company. So Willy got into his car and drove madly through darkness, only to kill himself. His funeral was attended only by Linda, the two sons, charley and his son Bernard. Linda could not stand the strain of separation from her beloved husband; but still she stooped down and dropped flowers on the grave of Willy. DEATH OF A SALESMAN AS A TRAGEDY: According to the traditional views based on Aristotelian cannons, the tragic hero was to be a person of high rank and status. So that his down fall could produce an inevitable emotional effect on the audience. In ancient Greek tragedies, fate or destiny is mainly responsible for the downfall of human beings. But Shakespeare and Marlow attributed human misfortune mainly to the personal draw backs of the tragic heroes themselves and hardly to the hidden forces which we describe as fate or destiny. Miller generally departs from both these concepts of tragedy as in the tragic hero in the Death of a sales man belongs to the middle class. He does not hold the view that tragic effect can be produced only by the downfall of a highly placed individual in society. It matters not at all whether hero falls from a great height or small one, whether he highly conscious or dimly aware of what is happening ,if the intensity is their ‘America grows like a giant in unimaginable proportions ‘. Willy symbolically stands for all the low men in American business community not just salesmen -who in a way sell themselves. Willy sells himself and in the process wears himself out and he is finally discarded when he is no longer useful. Willy begins as a salesman 36 years ago, opens up unheard of territories to their trade mark, but in his old age they take his salary away. It is pity that once Willy’s energy is exhausted by the work that  society has assigned to him, he is thrown aside and dismissed by the son of his old boss. Willy protests, â€Å"you cannot eat the orange and throw them peel â€Å". Man is not a piece of fruit no doubt ,Willy loman is a superannuated employee, but he is rejected and ill treated by his employer at the end of his career. Even a change of job with less travelling was denied to him. But still it may not be fully correct to say that Willy is wholly a victim of the prevailing social system. His own responsibility of his tragedy is by no means insignificant or negligible. In the first place he failed to realize his own limitations and short comings Willy has the conviction that success depends on personality, contacts and good cloths and that these will bring everything one wants in life. Obviously Willy is a prey to that magical book of Dale carnegie’s ‘How to win friends and influence people ‘ we know that mistake is that Willy had chosen a wrong profession for himself under the impression that the selling profession is the best in the world. Secondly the sense of guilt which he carries with him due to his past infidelity to his wife has also serious repercussions in his mental stability .His affair with the woman in the hotel when he was visited by Biff hangs on his conscience. Biff’s discovery of Willy’s infidelity marks the crucial turning point in the relationship between the father and the son .There after Biff no longer believes Willy . Another point to be noted is Willy’s incurable optimism .He has had higher expectation about the future of his elder son Biff who looks so charming as the Adonise in Greek mythology and who has earned high reputation as a good football champion. Biff has become disillusioned .For Biff ,life came to be an end with his match. He could neither make a mark in business nor could he go back to school to finish his course. Ironically Bernard who never represented University of Virginia, Bernard who pleaded to carry Biff’s helmet or shoulder guards , prospered. Bernard wins glory by pleading before the supreme court ,but he does this without any pushing from his father. According to Willy, they ought to be success at all; for both Charley and Bernard were not well liked. These tragic experiences shatter Willy’s conception of American dreams. No human or super natural agency interfered his life .The sense of frustration and psychological neurosis upsets his  mental equi librium and shatters him to pieces. CHARACTER LIST WILLY LOMAN: An insecure, self-deluded traveling salesman. Willy believes wholeheartedly in the American Dream of easy success and wealth, but he never achieves it. Nor do his sons fulfill his hope that they will succeed where he has failed. When Willy’s illusions begin to fail under the pressing realities of his life, his mental health begins to unravel. The overwhelming tensions caused by this disparity, as well as those caused by the societal imperatives that drive Willy, form the essential conflict of Death of a Salesman. BIFF LOMAN: Willy’s thirty-four-year-old elder son. Biff led a charmed life in high school as a football star with scholarship prospects, good male friends, and fawning female admirers. He failed math, however, and did not have enough credits to graduate. Since then, his kleptomania has gotten him fired from every job that he has held. Biff represents Willy’s vulnerable, poetic, tragic side. He cannot ignore his instincts, which tell him to abandon Willy’s paralyzing dreams and move out West to work with his hands. He ultimately fails to reconcile his life with Willy’s expectations of him. LINDA LOMAN: Willy’s loyal, loving wife. Linda suffers through Willy’s grandiose dreams and self-delusions. Occasionally, she seems to be taken in by Willy’s self-deluded hopes for future glory and success, but at other times, she seems far more realistic and less fragile than her husband. She has nurtured the family through all of Willy’s misguided attempts at success, and her emotional strength and perseverance support Willy until his collapse. HAPPY LOMAN: Willy’s thirty-two-year-old younger son. Happy has lived in Biffs shadow all of his life, but he compensates by nurturing his relentless sex drive and professional ambition. Happy represents Willy’s sense of self-importance, ambition, and blind servitude to societal expectations. Although he works as an assistant to an assistant buyer in a department  store, Happy presents himself as supremely important. Additionally, he practices bad business ethics and sleeps with the girlfriends of his superiors. CHARLEY- Willy’s next – door neighbor. Charley owns a successful business and his son, Bernard, is a wealthy, important lawyer. Willy is jealous of Charley’s success. Charley gives Willy money to pay his bills, and Willy reveals at one point, choking back tears, that Charley is his only friend. BERNARD – Bernard is Charley’s son and an important, successful lawyer. Although Willy used to mock Bernard for studying hard, Bernard always loved Willy’s sons dearly and regarded Biff as a hero. Bernard’s success is difficult for Willy to accept because his own sons’ lives do not measure up. BEN – Willy’s wealthy older brother. Ben has recently died and appears only in Willy’s â€Å"daydreams.† Willy regards Ben as a symbol of the success that he so desperately craves for himself and his sons. THE WOMAN – Willy’s mistress when Happy and Biff were in high school. The Woman’s attention and admiration boost Willy’s fragile ego. When Biff catches Willy in his hotel room with The Woman, he loses faith in his father, and his dream of passing math and going to college dies. HOWARD WAGNER – Willy’s boss. Howard inherited the company from his father, whom Willy regarded as â€Å"a masterful man† and â€Å"a prince.† Though much younger than Willy, Howard treats Willy with condescension and eventually fires him, despite Willy’s wounded assertions that he named Howard at his birth. STANLEY – A waiter at Frank’s Chop House. Stanley and Happy seem to be friends, or at least acquaintances, and they banter about and ogle Miss Forsythe together before Biff and Willy arrive at the restaurant. MISS FORSYTHE AND LETTA – Two young women whom Happy and Biff meet at Frank’s Chop House. It seems likely that Miss Forsythe and Letta are prostitutes, judging from Happy’s repeated comments about their moral character and the  fact that they are â€Å"on call.† JENNY – Charley’s secretary THEMES, MOTIFS & SYMBOLS THEMES Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. THE AMERICAN DREAM Willy believes wholeheartedly in what he considers the promise of the American Dream- that a â€Å"well liked† and â€Å"personally attractive† man in business will indubitably and deservedly acquire the material comforts offered by modern American life. Oddly, his fixation with the superficial qualities of attractiveness and likeability is at odds with a more gritty, more rewarding understanding of the American Dream that identifies hard work without complaint as the key to success. Willy’s interpretation of likeability is superficial-he childishly dislikes Bernard because he considers Bernard a nerd. Willy’s blind faith in his stunted version of the American Dream leads to his rapid psychological decline when he is unable to accept the disparity between the Dream and his own life. ABANDONMENT Willy’s life charts a course from one abandonment to the next, leaving him in greater despair each time. Willy’s father leaves him and Ben when Willy is very young, leaving Willy neither a tangible (money) nor an intangible (history) legacy. Ben eventually departs for Alaska, leaving Willy to lose himself in a warped vision of the American Dream. Likely a result of these early experiences, Willy develops a fear of abandonment, which makes him want his family to conform to the American Dream. His efforts to raise perfect sons, however, reflect his inability to understand reality. The  young Biff, whom Willy considers the embodiment of promise, drops Willy and Willy’s zealous ambitions for him when he finds out about Willy’s adultery. Biff’s ongoing inability to succeed in business furthers his estrangement from Willy. When, at Frank’s Chop House, Willy finally believes that Biff is on the cups of greatness, Biff shatters Willy’s illus ions and, along with Happy, abandons the deluded, babbling Willy in the washroom. BETRAYAL Willy’s primary obsession throughout the play is what he considers to be Biff’s betrayal of his ambitions for him. Willy believes that he has every right to expect Biff to fulfill the promise inherent in him. When Biff walks out on Willy’s ambitions for him, Willy takes this rejection as a personal affront (he associates it with â€Å"insult† and â€Å"spite†). Willy, after all, is a salesman, and Biff’s ego-crushing rebuff ultimately reflects Willy’s inability to sell him on the American Dream-the product in which Willy himself believes most faithfully. Willy assumes that Biff’s betrayal stems from Biff’s discovery of Willy’s affair with The Woman-a betrayal of Linda’s love. Whereas Willy feels that Biff has betrayed him, Biff feels that Willy, a â€Å"phony little fake,† has betrayed him with his unending stream of ego-stroking lies. MOTIFS Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes. MYTHIC FIGURES Willy’s tendency to mythologize people contributes to his deluded understanding of the world. He speaks of Dave Singleman as a legend and imagines that his death must have been beautifully noble. Willy compares Biff and Happy to the mythic Greek figures Adonis and Hercules because he believes that his sons are pinnacles of â€Å"personal attractiveness† and power through â€Å"well liked†-ness; to him, they seem the very incarnation of the  American Dream. Willy’s mythologizing proves quite nearsighted, however. Willy fails to realize the hopelessness of Singleman’s lonely, on-the-job, on-the-road death. Trying to achieve what he considers to be Singleman’s heroic status, Willy commits himself to a pathetic death and meaningless legacy (even if Willy’s life insurance policy ends up paying off, Biff wants nothing to do with Willy’s ambition for him). THE AMERICAN WEST, ALASKA, AND THE AFRICAN JUNGLE These regions represent the potential of instinct to Biff and Willy. Willy’s father found success in Alaska and his brother, Ben, became rich in Africa; these exotic locales, especially when compared to Willy’s banal Brooklyn neighborhood, crystallize how Willy’s obsession with the commercial world of the city has trapped him in an unpleasant reality. Whereas Alaska and the African jungle symbolize Willy’s failure, the American West, on the other hand, symbolizes Biff’s potential. Biff realizes that he has been content only when working on farms, out in the open. His westward escape from both Willy’s delusions and the commercial world of the eastern United States suggests a nineteenth-century pioneer mentality-Biff, unlike Willy, recognizes the importance of the individual. SYMBOLS Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. SEEDS Seeds represent for Willy the opportunity to prove the worth of his labor, both as a salesman and a father. His desperate, nocturnal attempt to grow vegetables signifies his shame about barely being able to put food on the table and having nothing to leave his children when he passes. Willy feels that he has worked hard but fears that he will not be able to help his  offspring any more than his own abandoning father helped him. The seeds also symbolize Willy’s sense of failure with Biff. Despite the American Dream’s formula for success, which Willy considers infallible, Willy’s efforts to cultivate and nurture Biff went awry. Realizing that his all-American football star has turned into a lazy bum, Willy takes Biff’s failure and lack of ambition as a reflection of his abilities as a father. DIAMONDS To Willy, diamonds represent tangible wealth and, hence, both validation of one’s labor (and life) and the ability to pass material goods on to one’s offspring, two things that Willy desperately craves. Correlatively, diamonds, the discovery of which made Ben a fortune, symbolize Willy’s failure as a salesman. Despite Willy’s belief in the American Dream, a belief unwavering to the extent that he passed up the opportunity to go with Ben to Alaska, the Dream’s promise of financial security has eluded Willy. At the end of the play, Ben encourages Willy to enter the â€Å"jungle† finally and retrieve this elusive diamond-that is, to kill himself for insurance money in order to make his life meaningful. LINDA’S AND THE WOMAN’S STOCKINGS Willy’s strange obsession with the condition of Linda’s stockings foreshadows his later flashback to Biff’s discovery of him and The Woman in their Boston hotel room. The teenage Biff accuses Willy of giving away Linda’s stockings to The Woman. Stockings assume a metaphorical weight as the symbol of betrayal and sexual infidelity. New stockings are important for both Willy’s pride in being financially successful and thus able to provide for his family and for Willy’s ability to ease his guilt about, and suppress the memory of, his betrayal of Linda and Biff. THE RUBBER HOSE The rubber hose is a stage prop that reminds the audience of Willy’s desperate attempts at suicide. He has apparently attempted to kill himself  by inhaling gas, which is, ironically, the very substance essential to one of the most basic elements with which he must equip his home for his family’s health and comfort-heat. Literal death by inhaling gas parallels the metaphorical death that Willy feels in his struggle to afford such a basic necessity. QUESTIONS The play ‘Death of a Salesman’ revolves mainly around a conflict between ? What are the reasons for Willy’s failure as a business man? American dream in the play ‘Death of a salesman’. What is the central theme of the play ‘Death of a salesman’. The father son conflict in the play ‘Death of a salesman’. The hotel scene in the play ‘Death of a salesman’. The role of mother Linda Loman in the play ‘Death of a salesman’. Why did Biff Loman leave the school? The significance of the title’Death of a salesman’. Why did Willy commit suicide? The flash back scene in the play ‘Death of a salesman’. Miller’s play as a critique of the American way of life.

America s Social Climate The Melting Pot - 1680 Words

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The Main Part †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Chapter I In Search of America †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.1. America: Its Image and Reality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.2. The Reasons of Immigration to the USA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. . The Importance of Religious Beliefs: â€Å"One Nation under God † †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter II The Nation of Immigrants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.1. American beliefs and values†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Economy Is Making Progress Because Of The Mass Production Of Technology1363 Words   |  6 Pagesindustries occurred because of businessmen and traders who exploit consumers by charging them higher prices for imported goods and supplying lower quality products, compared to internationally available quality. Other negative impact of globalization in a social-cultural aspect is that cultural values are lessoning in the western parts of the world. The most positive effects of globalization are elimination of local monopolies, elimination of inefficiency, and access to opportunities available all over theRead MoreDo The Right Thing?1202 Words   |  5 Pagesexample, Sal the owner is an Italian-American who learned to be in good relationship with the black community in the neighborhood. He is proud to be an Italian as we can see from the hall of fame of the Italian-Americans on the wall at the pizzeria s wall. He is from the Italian culture and demonstrates it: the family is important for him that is why his two sons work with him. Sal is not a racist but, he is tough with his black customers and we can see that they provoke him also. As Buggin Out askedRead MoreThe Immigration Act Of 19241198 Words   |  5 Pagesfactors would be unemployment, lack of security and poor safety, war, and more. However a certain place may offer better opportunities such as Fertile land, better climate, greater wealth, Political security etc. Due to the country s status of wealth, their immigration records may flux. You sometimes hear people say that they were born in America so they are a native but in the words of Franklin D. Roosevelt â€Å"Remember, remember always, that all of us, and you and I especially, are descended from immigrantsRead MoreDiversity At Big Business Is Not Only Positive For A Company1326 Words   |  6 PagesCracking But Not Breaking: Joint Effects Of Faultline Strength And Diversity Climate On Loyal Behavior. Academy Of Management Journal vol. 58 no.5, 2015, pp.1495-1515. Business Source Alumni Edition. (https://acproxy.ac.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bahAN=110493102site=eds-livescope=site). 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He shows how through a colonial reading of history one can find numerous example of Indigenous groups who have met only oppression and exploitation by another more dominant, powerful and violently coercive social or ethnic group. Mohamed (1995) states that due to a dual oppression collaboratively enacted by two or more politically minded groups, that oppression and exploitation eventually manifest amongst groups who want to control and dominant, leading ultimately

Good Artists Copy Great Artists Steal - 897 Words

â€Å"Good artists copy; great artists steal.† Picasso Master Picasso was famous for idea hunting in other artist studious while searching for inspirations and many of them had to hide their artwork because Picasso would copy the idea and make it look better. Steve Jobs, Igor Stravinsky, and Picasso they all did it. As we say there is no need to reinvent the wheel. For many years photography was not recognized as high art because there was no artist hand visible in the final image. It was mechanical so even women could do it, and the middle class could afford it as well. There was nothing prestigious about it simple click, click. However, many open-minded artists understood the power of that modern mechanical tool that captured light a camera. They were simply paying attention to what was happening around them; first blurry photographs of car wheel in motion, frozen movement of the horse, ghostly double exposures, camera saw the world differently than human eye. Picasso was one of the many artists who recognized the importance of the cam era in 20th century and used it for his study of his subjects and to capture moments in his personal life. â€Å"For Picasso, photos were very important in the sense that he was modern—he was not having models in his studio. He would do things by memory or because he had books, newspaper, or photographs, as well as objects that he cherished,† Ruiz-Picasso says. Biographer, John Richardson, is a curator of the show â€Å"Picasso and the Camera† in GagosianShow MoreRelatedPlagiarism And The Law Of The University Honor Code933 Words   |  4 Pagesensure the academic integrity of the student, but to ensure that they have a good understanding of the material being presented to them that will in turn ensure a better future for them. One of the current issues surrounding the addressing of â€Å"re-mixing† in academia is that as intellectual property, it is difficult to establish what exactly ‘stealing’ information. To steal means to physically take, and how can one steal intellectual property if the author still has the original manuscript. (LessigRead MoreCopyright And Licensing Of Art1660 Words   |  7 Pagesartwork becomes known, it is predisposed to relative alterations, falsifications, and reuse by other artists. Countless art movements are fashioned around the revision of earlier works and representations. As an artist, one must accept the unavoidable fact that one day there will probably be alterations to their artwork. Once the great Pablo Picasso argued that: â€Å"Bad artists copy. Good artists steal†. In this essay it will be explained the rules governing the copyright and licensing. The emphasisRead MoreThe Rights Of The Copyright And Licensing1471 Words   |  6 Pagesartwork becomes known, it is predisposed to relative alterations, falsifications, and reuse by other artists. Countless art movements are fashioned around the revision of earlier works and representations. As an artist, one must accept the unavoidable fact that one day there will probably be alterations to their artwork. Once the great Pablo Picasso argued that: â€Å"Bad artists copy. Good artists steal†. In this essay it will be explained the rules governing the copyright and licensing. The emphasis ofRead MoreThe Importance of Copyright1614 Words   |  6 Pagesevery time someone copies the product. While physical objects are typically believe to be more important when regarding copyrights, society has had sign ificant problems in recent years as a result of the fact that the internet practically broke all the rules regarding the matter and people are able to download a series of products without paying for them. Most people fail to understand that it is wrong for them to steal music and songs and simply believe that they are doing an artist a service by employingRead MoreSocial Media And The Internet Essay1362 Words   |  6 Pagesnow. Artists are now taking control of their own careers; because of that major labels are not making as much money as they did before. Through the internet and social media artists have been releasing there own music on sites such as YouTube, Sound Cloud and ITunes, and labels cannot do anything to stop them. Major labels do not have to do as much work developing artist, because the artists that they sign have their own fan base. Major labels are signing artists based off of what the artist can bringRead More Copyrights in the Music Industry Essay examples2359 Words   |  10 Pagessomeone to steal another artists intellectual property with the help of the internet. This paper will cover what events have taken a big role in copyright protection for artist, the c onsequences if someone was to break the rules of a copyright which is called copyright infringement, and how will a copyright hold in the future. Were copyrights enacted without the thought of life changing technology, and how can some music companies surpass copyright infringement and make a profit from the artist? Can aRead More Piracy in the Media Essay example2678 Words   |  11 Pagesbegin discussing the piracy of music, television, and motion pictures, it is important to understand what exactly piracy and counterfeiting is and the laws that prohibit them. Counterfeits, referred to as pirated media, are defined as â€Å"reproduced copies that are identical to the legitimate articles including packaging, trademarks, and labeling† (Ang, 2001). To protect the creators of original material from being pirated, laws were formed known as copyright laws. A copyright is â€Å"a protectionRead MoreHow Does Music Piracy Harms Artist Negatively Influencing The Songwriters Dramatically?1060 Words   |  5 PagesHow does download a song illegally, sharing it amongst friend affect an artist who is worth millions. Take for example, if one download a song from an album, instead of purchasing the album, how will this affect the millionaire star? It makes sense to not have to pay for something that is in the public’s grasp anyway through the gateway that is the internet. The issue is not that it affects the artist dramatically, but can negatively influence the songwriter’s astronomically. The one song in particularRead MoreRichard Wright s Black Boy1310 Words   |  6 Pagesfor kids like him in the early 1900s was uncommon, to get good grades and to continue school after fifth grade was almost unheard of. I burned at my studies. At the beginning of the school term I read my civics and English and geography volumes through and only referred to them when in class. I solved all my mathematical problems in advance; then, during school hours, when I was not called on to recite, I read tattered, second-hand copies of Flynn’s Detective Weekly of the Argosy All Story MagazineRead MoreEssay on Downloading Music off the Internet Should be Legal1351 Words   |  6 Pagesmom told me that I could get in trouble because the government started to bust the users who have been downloading. When I was just sitting at my computer, I came up with a great idea on how to share music files without this being illegal. I discussed this with my English teacher, Mr. Burton, and he thought that this was a good idea. The idea that Mr. Burton and I discussed is that there is a library, similar to a book library but with music instead. What I was thinking is that everyone in a school

Atheists Essay - 928 Words

Atheists There are quite a few people who have made important contributions to atheism, scepticism, agnosticism and religious critique through history. This page serves as an index to a series of short biographies of some of those individuals. Included here are historians, philosophers, statesmen, lawyers, scientists and more. Although separated by time and profession, what unites them is a common interest in reason, skepticism and critical thinking - in particular when it comes to traditional beliefs and religious dogmas. This has played an important role in the development of religion and theology over the centuries because the challenges and questions posed by these and similar individuals†¦show more content†¦However, after learning more about other religious traditions, this same person may adopt a much more critical attitude towards their own religion and even religion generally, eventually coming to reject not only it but also belief in the existence of any gods. Another possible reason for atheism may originate in bad experiences with a religion. A person might grow up with or convert to a religious faith which they eventually find to be oppressive, hypocritical, evil, or otherwise unworthy of following. The consequence of this for many is to become critical of that religion, but in some cases, a person may become critical of all religions and, as with the previous explanation, even critical of belief in the existence of gods. Many atheists find their way to disbelief through science. Over the centuries science has come to offer explanations of aspects of our word which were once the exclusive domain of religion. Because scientific explanations have been more productive than religious or theistic explanations, the ability of religion to demand allegiance has weakened. As a result, some people have come to entirely reject not only religion, but also belief in the existence of a god. For them, gods are useless asShow MoreRelatedOn Being an Atheist1605 Words   |  7 PagesIn the article, â€Å"On Being an Atheist†, H.J. McCloskey discusses the reasons of why he believes being an atheist is a more acceptable than Christianity. McCloskey believes that atheism is a more rational belief versus having a God who allows people to suffer so he can have the glory. He believes to live in this world, you must be comfortable. The introduction of his article, he implements an overview of arguments given by the theist, which he introduces as proofs. He claims that the proofs do notRead MoreDifferences Between Atheists And Atheists2316 Words   |  10 PagesAn important question to both theists and atheists is whether we are able to be good without God. It centres around whether we have the ability to have objective moral standards regardless of whether God does or doesn’t exist. Theists obviously think of God as a source of moral strength and believe that he is the reason we have moral beliefs as well as being able to lead good moral lives. However, atheists can just as easily claim that they lead good moral lives, and have strong morals, even thoughRead MoreOn Being an Atheist1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of the paper is to answer several questions arising from an article by H. J. McCloskey entitled â€Å"On Being an Atheist†. McCloskey makes the claim that he is reminding fellow atheist why they believe there is no God. He claims that the traditional proofs have no merit. I believe the sheer magnitude and complexity of the world we live in is strong evidence of an intelligent designer and creator. Only an intelligent creator could form a world where the air that we breathe is part ofRead MoreThe, Atheists, Or Agonists980 Words   |  4 PagesI find it interesting that for people who have no religious affiliation, or belief in God, form these groups of â€Å"nones†, atheists, or agonists. What strikes me as interesting is that while they may not believe or struggle to believe or support a particular faith or religion, they feel the need to form large groups or organizations that defends their right not to believe. We all have our basic human rights and freedoms to express ourselves as we see personally fit. So why do people feel the needRead MoreOn Being an Atheist1280 Words   |  5 Pagest hat an atheist can find and receive strength and comfort from one’s friends and loved ones rather than the â€Å"cold comfort in religious belief† (1968, p. 54). Atheists are not the only ones that can find and receive strength and comfort from loved ones. One can receive the same comfort whether you be a Christian, atheist, or Muslim. Therefore, this point is moot as any comfort from God is additional to the comfort that anyone can receive. Secondly, he states that thoughtful, sensitive atheists will beRead MoreThe On Being An Atheist2317 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"Most theists do not come to believe in God as a result of reflecting on the proofs, but come to religion as a result of other reasons and factors.† (McCloskey, H.J., â€Å"On Being an Atheist†. Question 1. February 1968.) To simply say that God exists â€Å"because† is not a valid argument of proof by any means. To say that God exists because that’s what you were taught or bec ause someone told you it was right, or because some event that you believe he saved you from is also invalid. McCloskey argues thatRead MoreSummary Of On Being An Atheist1341 Words   |  6 PagesFor many years theists and atheists have argued with one another over the existence of a creator, or God. H.J. McCloskey published his thoughts on the matter in a journal article in 1968 titled â€Å"On Being an Atheist†. In his article McCloskey aims to discredit cosmological and teleological arguments for a creator and he uses the existence of evil in the world as evidence that a divine creator cannot exist. McCloskey routinely refers to the cosmological and teleological arguments as believers’ â€Å"proof†Read MoreI am an Atheist521 Words   |  2 PagesI am so used to being hushed on this topic; I am hesitant to even write about it. Maybe I have tunnel vision. Maybe its just the South. But the minute I use the word Atheist, people stop listening. The first time I told my mother I was an Atheist, I was fourteen, but to be truthful, I was probably an Atheist at seven. When I told her, she slammed on her breaks, turned to me with her characteristically bulging rage-face, and said, Dont you ever say that in front of me again. She thinks itsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist 1504 Words   |  7 PagesTheists and atheists have debated the existence of God for eons. Is there a God? If there is an all-powerful, omniscient being of sorts, then what proof do we have that he exists? If God does exist then why is there so much evil in the world? Why do innocent people suffer? Such questions may never be answered definitively. In the article â€Å"On Being an Atheist,† H.J. McCloskey presents some arguments made by theists in favor of the existence of God and then proceeds to debate those arguments from anRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist 1538 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen used to support the ex istence of a divine being includes the cosmological argument and the theological argument. However there are some who oppose these arguments and philosopher H.J. McCloskey is among this group. In the article â€Å"On Being an Atheist† written by H.J. McCloskey, he argues that both these arguments are false and insufficient as it relates to â€Å"proof† of God’s existence. McCloskey believes that without proper proof, we must completely dismiss the idea of God’s existence. In his well-written

Warfare In The Information Age Commerce Essay Free Essays

string(60) " of the force with the best possible operating environment\." The paper is focused on alterations occurred in military organisations in Information Age. During Industrial Age the military construction of forces evolved harmonizing with rules of decomposition, specialisation, hierarchy, optimisation, deconfliction, centralized planning, and decentralised executing. But now the solutions based upon Industrial Age premises and patterns will interrupt down and neglect in the Information Age. We will write a custom essay sample on Warfare In The Information Age Commerce Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This will go on no affair how good intentioned, hardworking, or dedicated the leading and the force are. Two cardinal force capablenesss needed by Information Age armed forcess are interoperability and legerity. Both interoperability and legerity are provided by Network centric warfare theory of war. â€Å" Ages † are proclaimed when something happens to do a discontinuity in multiple dimensions that affect civilisation. Economicss and power are historically closely related. What distinguish the Information Age from the Industrial Age are the economic sciences of information and the nature of the power of information. With the coming of the Information Age, there is an chance to supply widespread entree to information-related services and capablenesss merely dreamed about in old epochs. This increased entree to information provides an chance to rethink the ways that we organize, manage, and control. For the really first clip in history the information power burst the efficiency at such degree which is really hard and expensive to be overcome by mass. The original principle, cognition is power, conveyed the impression that an person ‘s worth was related to their ownership of information. The more exclusivity associated with the ownership, the more valuable the information. Hence, information was a trade good like any other trade good, whose value was related to scarceness. Individual and organisational behaviours reflected this value paradigm. Hoarding information and working its scarceness have been the norm for some clip. These behaviours can no longer be tolerated because the economic sciences of information have changed. With the cost of information and its airing dropping dramatically, information has become a dominant factor in the value concatenation for about every merchandise or service. As the costs bead, so make the barriers to entry. Hence, rivals in many spheres are prehending on the chance provided by â€Å" inexpensive † information and communications to redefine concern procedures and merchandises. These tendencies apply to the kingdom of national security every bit good. Information Age constructs and engineerings are being adopted by many states. The military response to the Information Age is Network Centric Warfare. Industrial Age bequest The term network-centric warfare loosely describes the combination of schemes, emerging tactics, techniques, and processs, and organisations that a to the full or even a partly networked force can use to make a decisive war contending advantage. The key to understand the term web centric warfare is command and control ( C2 ) attack. Command and Control ( C2 ) is the common military term for direction of forces and resources. The rules underlying traditional bid and command apply non merely to Industrial Age warfare, but besides to Industrial Age economic systems and concerns, are decomposition, specialisation, hierarchy, optimisation, deconfliction, centralized planning, and decentralised executing. The rule of decomposition is using a â€Å" divide and conquer † outlook to all jobs. The patterns of dividing combat into land, sea, and air ( and infinite ) , are an illustration of break uping warfare into manageable pieces. If a sound set of decompositions is made, so these organisational subsets of the organisation can develop professional fortes that help the overall organisation to execute its mission and accomplish its aims. In military personal businesss, specialisation ( creative activity of calling subdivisions and really specialised organisations ) enabled much more efficient calling development and preparation. During military operations, the specialised capablenesss frequently generated capacities that merely could non be created by groups of Renaissance mans. The organisational effect of Industrial Age specialisation is hierarchy. The attempts of persons and extremely specialised entities must be focused and controlled so that they act in concert to accomplish the ends of the larger organisations that they support. The size and the figure of degrees that separate the leader ( s ) of an endeavor and the specializers that are needed to carry through the undertakings at manus are a map of the overall size of the endeavor and the effectual span of control. The figure of beds is a map of the span of control. As the span of control lessenings, the figure of beds that are needed ( for an organisation of the same size ) increases. In such hierarchies, information demands to flux up and down the concatenation of bid. This is true of policy information, plans, orders, and information about the battlespace ( both studies about the enemy and studies about friendly forces ) . The more beds, the longer this takes and the higher the chance of an mistake or deformation. Even today, correspondence to a member of a military bid is officially addressed to the dominating officer of the unit and is so distributed by the central offices. In other words, all information intended for subsidiaries is recognized as belonging to and fluxing through the hierarchy. Indeed, control of information was a major tool for commanding Industrial Age organisations. Industrial Age armed forcess decomposed the battlespace, created superimposed organisations, divided into specialisations, and organized forces into hierarchies. Thinking that this attack transformed the complexness of war and big operations into a aggregation of simple, manageable undertakings and jobs, the Industrial Age military felt that they were able to concentrate on the optimisation of procedures. Virtually all Industrial Age armed forcess created â€Å" approved scenarios † against which their threat-based determinations were optimized. Of class, they experienced troubles when forced to contend against military organisations other than those they had planned against. Given that the elements of military forces were optimized for specific missions under good known and understood fortunes, Industrial Age bid and control processes relied to a great extent on control steps that would deconflict the elements of the force. The ultimate end was to supply each component of the force with the best possible operating environment. You read "Warfare In The Information Age Commerce Essay" in category "Essay examples" This was a natural effect of specialisation and optimisation. Deconfliction is far better than conflicted operations ( where friendly units impede one another ) , but it falls good short of the public presentation possible when military assets are employed synergistically. Planing became a important portion of Industrial Age bid and control because it enabled commanding officers to set up forces and events in clip and infinite so as to maximise the likeliness of success ( mission achievement ) . Industrial Age commanding officers were, nevertheless, aware of the breakability of programs in the face of the harsh and dynamic operating environment of combat. One of the most celebrated citations about planning is, â€Å" No program survives first contact with the enemy. † Understanding the bounds of military programs, commanding officers ( peculiarly in extremely professional forces ) encouraged inaugural ( invention and aggressive actions ) and decentralized executing within the overall commanding officer ‘s purpose. This was non merely a grant to the built-in trouble of anticipating all contingencies. It was besides a contemplation of the fact that the commanding officer on the scene frequently had better information than those removed from the battlespace. Taken together, they create a form correspondent to command theory. The Industrial Age rules and patterns of decomposition, specialisation, hierarchy, optimisation, and deconfliction, combined with Industrial Age bid and control based on centralised planning and decentralised executing, will non allow an organisation to convey all of its information ( and expertness ) or its assets to bear. In add-on, Industrial Age organisations are non optimized for interoperability or legerity. Therefore, solutions based upon Industrial Age premises and patterns will interrupt down and neglect in the Information Age. This will go on no affair how good intentioned, hardworking, or dedicated the leading and the force are. Two cardinal force capablenesss needed by Information Age armed forcess are interoperability and legerity. Organizations that are merchandises of Industrial Age believing are non good suited for important betterments in interoperability or legerity [ 1 ] . 3. Network centric warfare Network centric warfare ( NCW ) is an emerging theory of war in the Information Age. The term network-centric warfare loosely describes the combination of schemes, emerging tactics, techniques, and processs, and organisations that a to the full or even a partly networked force can use to make a decisive war contending advantage. A networked force carry oning web centric operations ( NCO ) is an indispensable enabler for the behavior of effects based operations. Effectss based operations ( EBO ) are â€Å" sets of actions directed at determining the behaviour of friends, neutrals, and enemies in peace, crisis, and war. † NCW generates increased combat power by networking detectors, determination shapers, and taws to accomplish shared awareness, increased velocity of bid, high pacing of operations, greater deadliness, increased survivability, and a grade of self-synchronization. In kernel, it translates information advantage into combat power by efficaciously associating friendly forces within the battlespace, supplying a much improved shared consciousness of the state of affairs, enabling more rapid and effectual determination devising at all degrees of military operations, and thereby leting for increased velocity of executing. Information engineering progresss in the countries of bid and control ( C2 ) ; intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance ( ISR ) ; and preciseness arms bringing are dramatically reshaping the behavior of warfare in the twenty-first century. NCW will speed up the determination rhythm by associating detectors, communications webs, and arms systems via an interrelated grid, thereby heightening our ability to accomplish information and determination high quality over an adversary during the behavior of military operations. While NCW is the theory, web centric operations ( NCO ) is the theory put into action. In other words, the behavior of NCO represents the execution of NCW. The aim of determination high quality is to turn an information advantage into a competitory advantage. This competitory advantage is readily evident when comparing forces carry oning NCO and those runing under the old paradigm of platform centric operations. Platform centric forces lack the ability to leverage the synergisms created through a networked force. A force implementing NCW is more adaptative, ready to react to uncertainness in the really dynamic environment of the hereafter at all degrees of warfare and across the scope of military operations. Over 1000s of old ages of recorded history, the huge bulk of inventions that created important war contending advantages were concentrated in the physical sphere as opposed to the information sphere. These inventions translated chiefly into advantages at the tactical degree of warfare, but they besides had an impact on what are now by and large referred to as the operational and strategic degrees of warfare. They resulted in such battleground advantages as: increased scope of battle, increased deadliness, increased velocity of manoeuvre and increased protection and survivability. While all of these illustrations of invention are considered platform centric, the past century has besides seen many inventions focused on making advantage in the information sphere. The ability to develop and work an information advantage has ever been of import in warfare, therefore the eternity of security and surprise as of import rules of war. While the importance of invention in the information sphere in the yesteryear has been great, its importance has gained critical significance in warfare today [ 2 ] . Fig. 1 The Military as a Network-Centric Enterprise In a more proficient sense, a networked force improves operational pacing by speed uping the Observation-Orientation stages of Boyd ‘s Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action ( OODA ) cringle. Identified during the 1970s by US Air Force strategian John Boyd, the OODA is an abstraction which describes the sequence of events while must take topographic point in any military battle. The opposition must be observed to garner information so the aggressor must point himself to the state of affairs or context, so make up one’s mind and move consequently. The OODA cringle is therefore cardinal to all military operations, from strategic down to single combat. It loop is an inevitable portion of world and has been so since the first tribal wars of 25,000 old ages ago, as it is cardinal to any predator-prey interaction in the biological universe. Sadly, its proper apprehension had to wait until the seventiess. At a philosophical and practical degree what confers a cardinal advantage in battles is the ability to remain in front of an opposition and order the pacing of the engagement – to keep the enterprise and maintain an opposition off balance. In consequence, the aggressor forces his opposition into a reactive position and denies the opposition any chance to drive the battle to an advantage. The participant with the faster OODA cringle, all else being equal, will get the better of the opposition with the slower OODA cringle by barricading or pre-empting any move the opposition with the slower OODA cringle efforts to do. The four constituents of the OODA cringle can be split into three which are associated with processing information, and one which is associated with motion and application of firepower. Observation-Orientation-Decision is information centric while Action is kinematic or centered in motion, place and firepower. If we aim to speed up our OODA loops to accomplish higher operational pacing than an enemy, we have to speed up all four constituents of the cringle. Much of 20th century war contending technique and engineering dealt with speed uping the kinetic part of the OODA cringle. Mobility, preciseness and firepower additions were the consequence of this development. There are practical bounds as to how far we can force the kinetic facet of the OODA loop – more destructive arms produce indirect harm, faster platforms and arms incur of all time increasing costs. Consequently we have seen development decelerate down in this sphere since the sixtiess. Many arms and platforms widely used today were designed in the 1950s may stay in usage for decennaries to come. Observation-Orientation-Decision are all about garnering information, administering information, analysing information, understanding information and make up one’s minding how to move upon this information. The faster we can garner, administer, analyse, understand information, the faster we can make up one’s mind, and arguably the better we can make up one’s mind how and when to move in combat. Networking is a mechanism via which the Observation-Orientation stages of the cringle can be accelerated, and the Decision stage facilitated [ 3 ] . Decision The warfare in Information Age will be different than warfare in Industrial Age. In order to accomplish a military high quality the military forces should accommodate to the new conditions. The merely networked the existent construction of ground forces is non plenty. A new construction of ground forces must be making which should let exchange of information at a high velocity. At this point the velocity of action will hold a great impact to the bid and control. Command and control can non obey the direction map of planning, forming, staffing, directing and commanding. During the battle the bid and control should obey OODA cringle. In fact during the edifice of force the commanding officer should by a skilled director but during the battle the commanding officer should use command theory that trades with the behaviour of dynamical systems. The OODA cringle is a simple and efficient theoretical account to depict the world of battle. How to cite Warfare In The Information Age Commerce Essay, Essay examples

Feel The Heat free essay sample

It can reach over 1000 F; it varies in color from red, orange, and white. Some people use it to cook food, defend themselves, and keep their houses warm. Fire may be just a tool to some people, but for me it has changed my life. It didn’t keep my house warm; it engulfed and destroyed everything I had in life. It was a stormy night that July evening, and my parents had left me with my grandma because of my fears of storms. As my parents drove off to Syracuse for the night, my brother Mark was left alone with the thought of peace and quiet. The flipping through the phonebook by my grandma woke me up out of a sound sleep, and soon my worst fears were realized. Just down the street my house was being burned to the ground. My brother gout out safely, but a couple of our household animals did not, unfortunately. We will write a custom essay sample on Feel The Heat or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The fire started in the basement, and ran right up through the walls o the second floor. The room right above the fire was indeed my bedroom. If storms had not have been such an issue for me, maybe it would have been me that didn’t make it out of the fire. Personally, I believe someone was watching me that night, and it was not my time to go. To this day, my goal is to live life to its fullest. Not a day goes by when I don’t; you never know when your time could be up. Before that fire I was a person who was always thinking about the consequences from having a little fun. After that fire, many people considered me a changed person. All of my clothes besides the ones I had on my back were destroyed. At some points we literally had to wear the same clothes everyday. Eventually, we were generously donated money so we could shop at Wal-Mart for clothes. Even though this wasn’t the â€Å"cool† place to get clothes, I realized that his was all I could get and I faced that fact. Very quickly I was taught that you sometimes have to appreciate the things you have, and not worry about what other people may think. This is something that will stay with me forever. The fire that night may have caused a ton of trauma to my family and me. Although, as a sit here I realize it has been five years and three months to the date. I have come along way since that day, and it has done so much for me in the long run.